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21.
An experimental study of the initial flow field downstream of a step change in surface roughness is presented. The roughness length of the downstream surface was approximately tenfold that of the upstream roughness and, unlike all previous studies, attention was concentrated on the roughness sublayer region beneath the inertial (log-law) region. The experiments were conducted at a boundary layer Reynolds number of about 6 × 104 (based on layer thickness andfree-stream velocity) and around a longitudinal location where the (downstream) roughness length, zo2, was about 1% of the boundary-layer thickness atthe roughness change point.The thickness of the roughness sublayer was found for the two roughness. It was observed that the vertical profiles of mean velocity and turbulence characteristics started to show similarity after about 160z02 downstream of the roughness change. The presence of a shear stress overshoot is shown to depend strongly on the precise location (with respect to the roughness elements) at which the measurements are made and the thickness of the equilibrium layer is shown to be very sensitive to the way it is defined. It is demonstrated that the growing equilibrium layer has first to encompass the roughness sublayer before any thickness of inertial sublayer can be developed. It follows that, in somepractical cases, like flows across some urban environments, the latter(log-law) region may never exist at all. 相似文献
22.
隧道塌方的尖点灾变模型及应用 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
针对隧道塌方失稳问题,运用灾变理论建立隧道塌方失稳的尖点灾变模型。基于平衡曲面方程,可求得隧道围岩体内承载区介质刚度与对应的松驰区弱化介质本构曲线拐点处理刚度之比值K,并给出了塌方与否的判据,当K≤1时,隧道将发生塌方失稳;当K>1时,隧道将不会发生塌方失稳。根据此模型,笔者解释了隧道中几种常见的灾变破坏机理,并提出了相应的治理方案。 相似文献
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This paper is dedicated to the identification of constitutive parameters of elasto‐viscoplastic constitutive law from measurements performed on deep underground cavities (typically tunnels). This inverse problem is solved by the minimization of a cost functional of least‐squares type. The exact gradient is computed by the direct differentiation method and the descent is done using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The method is presented for lined or unlined structures and is applied for an elastoviscoplastic constitutive law of the Perzyna class. Several identification problems are presented in one and two dimensions for different tunnel geometries. The used measurements have been obtained by a preliminary numerical simulation and perturbed with a white noise. The identified responses match the measurements. We also discuss the usage of the sensitivity analysis of the system, provided by the direct differentiation method, for the optimization of in situ monitoring. The sensitivity distribution in space and time assess the location of the measurements points as well as the time of observation needed for reliable identification. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
25.
晋城市王坡煤矿铁路专运线柏树底隧道下伏采空区治理 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采空区是煤层开采所致。在煤矿开采的同时,也要做好对采空区的处置,消除其对上部建筑物稳定和安全的不良影响。晋城市王坡煤矿柏树底隧道下伏采空区,涉及6个煤矿,开采规模大小不等,开采时间长短有别。其顶板基本为自然跨落方式,上覆岩层软硬相间,致使采空区至今尚未完全塌陷冒落,处于不稳定状态。其上部裂隙带比较发育,向上逐渐减弱直至地表,直接关系到覆岩工程地质的稳定性。本文介绍了王坡煤矿柏树底隧道下伏采空区的基本情况,环境地质条件,工程地质评价,分析了采空区对铁路隧道工程的危害,论述了采用全充填压力注浆治理采空区的工艺步骤和质量检验方法。 相似文献
26.
南京市玄武湖水下交通隧道环境地质评价 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
玄武湖地下交通隧道既在城市,又在水下,环境地质条件极为复杂,是一种脆弱环境下的典型的地质工程。本文对玄武湖地下交通隧道的环境地质条件特别是水文地质条件进行了评价,预测了可能出现的如水污染、地面沉降、地面塌陷、巷道突水等环境地质问题,并提出了相应的防治对策。 相似文献
27.
PLS法与隧道围岩稳定性分类 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
围岩稳定性是隧道工程支护设计的基本参数,采用偏最小二乘回归法,综合考虑多因变量影响因素,对隧道围岩稳定性分类进行回归建模,并取得较好效果. 相似文献
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Shear‐wall dominant multistorey reinforced concrete structures, constructed by using a special tunnel form technique are commonly built in countries facing a substantial seismic risk, such as Chile, Japan, Italy and Turkey. In spite of their high resistance to earthquake excitations, current seismic code provisions including the Uniform Building Code (International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, CA, 1997) and the Turkish Seismic Code (Specification for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas, Ankara, Turkey, 1998) present limited information for their design criteria. In this study, consistency of equations in those seismic codes related to their dynamic properties are investigated and it is observed that the given empirical equations for prediction of fundamental periods of this specific type of structures yield inaccurate results. For that reason, a total of 80 different building configurations were analysed by using three‐dimensional finite‐element modelling and a set of new empirical equations was proposed. The results of the analyses demonstrate that given formulas including new parameters provide accurate predictions for the broad range of different architectural configurations, roof heights and shear‐wall distributions, and may be used as an efficient tool for the implicit design of these structures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
30.
Topographic interactions generate multidirectional and unsteady air?ow that limits the application of velocity pro?le approaches for estimating sediment transport over dunes. Results are presented from a series of wind tunnel simulations using Irwin‐type surface‐mounted pressure sensors to measure shear stress variability directly at the surface over both isolated and closely spaced sharp‐crested model dunes. Findings complement existing theories on secondary air?ow effects on stoss transport dynamics and provide new information on the in?uence of lee‐side air?ow patterns on dune morphodynamics. For all speeds investigated, turbulent unsteadiness at the dune toe indicates a greater, more variable surface shear, despite a signi?cant drop in time‐averaged measurements of streamwise shear stress at this location. This effect is believed suf?cient to inhibit sediment deposition at the toe and may be responsible for documented intermittency in sand transport in the toe region. On the stoss slope, streamline compression and ?ow acceleration cause an increase in ?ow steadiness and shear stress to a maximum at the crest that is double that at the toe of the isolated dune and 60–70 per cent greater than at ?ow reattachment on the lower stoss of closely spaced dunes. Streamwise ?ow accelerations, rather than turbulence, have greater in?uence on stress generation on the stoss and this effect increases with stoss slope distance and with incident wind speed. Reversed ?ow within the separation cell generates signi?cant surface shear (30–40 per cent of maximum values) for both spacings. This supports ?eld studies that suggest reversed ?ow is competent enough to return sediment to the dune directly or in a de?ected direction. High variability in shear at reattachment indicates impact of a turbulent shear layer that, despite low values of time‐averaged streamwise stress in this region, would inhibit sediment accumulation. Downwind of reattachment, shear stress and ?ow steadiness increase within 6 h (h = dune height) of reattachment and approach upwind values by 25 h. A distance of at least 30 h is suggested for full boundary layer recovery, which is comparable to ?uvial estimates. The Irwin sensor used in this study provides a reliable means to measure skin friction force responsible for sand transport and its robust, simple, and cost‐effective design shows promise for validating these ?ndings in natural dune settings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献